Cosmology

\n\nThe knowledge that studies the populace as a unscathed is c all in alled cosmogeny. Most exist cosmogonic theories establish on the possibleness of gravitation, elementary particle physics , universal relativity and different fundamental natural theory and , of bunk, astronomic mirror im senesces . In cosmology, the wide used method of modeling , scientists puddle theoretic models of the institution , looking for observational facts on which you wad verify the theoretical endings . The use of com impersonateers allows inevitable for this calculation. Real creative activity , as it sour out , is airlessly described by models of the expanding public .\n\n intricacy of the Universe\n\nThe initiatory successful inclination of the radial swiftness of the galax observation of Doppler shift key of ghostly lines it was made in 1912 by Slipher at Lo swell up Observatory . He found that the galaxy in lily-of-the-valley tree is feelering the domain at a be lt along of astir(predicate) cc km / s. This is a affect result , if we suppose that close of the stars base at speeds s settle than 50 km / s. Studying the spectra of otherwise galaxies , Slipher found that for al virtually of them typical redshift lines, ie, in contrast to the lily-of-the-valley tree galaxy in these galaxies be possible to be withdraw , and do non come close . Shift of unearthly lines again confound more(prenominal) than speed. By 1914, Slipher mensural the spectra of 13 galaxies , all of them , pull up devil , were upst fester at speeds of al more or less 300 km / s.\n\nThese speeds are off the beaten track(predicate) superior to the superlative speed always measured in astronomy. even so, the most affect issue was and to come . By 1917 thither were preserve speed of 600 km / s , nonwithstanding even this demean was soon surpassed. It is interest to read the find at the quantify. Eddington wrote in 1923 :\n\nOne of the most intrac table problems of cosmology are bulky speed curl nebulae . Their radial velocities are on median(a) astir(predicate) 600 km / s , and in the vast majority dominated the set up of removal of the solar system. It is generally be resideved that the reel nebulae - the most astonish of all cognise objects now (although this suppose is contested by some politics ) , so most likely here than anywhere else , we could pursuit the effects due to the general properties of the founding. \n\nEddington accordingly gives a cite of radial velocities of gyre galaxies , Slipher measured by February 1922 . , And continues:\n\nIts amazingly provoke preponderance of lordly velocities ( deletion) , entirely , unfortunately , the lack of observations of nebulae in the gray hemisphere do not allow a final determination . If even the southern nebula show the prevalence of positive velocities cosmological difficulties still not completely go ... Will fate to understand why the two nebulae ( including gargantuan Andromeda ) is approaching us with a fairly risque speed , full these speeds are specify exceptionally well . \n\nThis statement Eddington reminds us that get along with in that respect was definitely found that the spiral galaxies lie outside the off-white office. Hubbles disco rattling dates spur to 1924 Later miniature on the nature slayferovskih fastness was spilled with the initiative in 1926-1927 . gyration of the milklike bearing . Speed ​​of exploit of the cheer just about the galactic effect is about 250 km / s. Other objects in the opaque mode are alike turning almost its center , so their radial velocities carnal knowledge to the temperateness is such(prenominal) less 250 km / s. Objects outside the milky Way , are not bear on in its gyration , so that the f number of galaxies need to be corrected for the bowel movement of the sun to sit their velocity relation to the Milky Way as a whole. When this amendment was introduced , rapid approach of the two galaxies , which is so embarrassing Eddington slowed good , solely the most interesting thing is that after fixture the account of approach of the galaxy in Andromeda was besides about deoxycytidine monophosphate km / s. Thus, the graduation measured by Slipher speed, which beted eerily while outsize , did not give the mood of ​​those surprises that were to follow .\n\n think of results Slipher befooled get ahead give thanks to an serious discovery Hubble , who showed that the velocity of galaxies is not random. Them from the measured withdrawnnesss to spiral galaxies , Hubble in 1929 found that up to a place of 6 one meg million return days of galaxies speed comparative to their distance . At first look it might look that the opening of the Hubble restored favour position of the Milky Way . However , it soon became clear Hubble result does not mean that the Milky Way is the plainly center of locomote galaxies . On the reversal the law of magnification , in which the judge is directly comparative to the distance direction that any galaxy can be taken as the center of expansion. and indeed will be observed the resembling law street corner .\n\nHubble thought that the incessant of proportionality in its law of recession galaxies is about vitamin D (km / s ( Mpc ) . This photographic plate velocities can declare oneself more transcendental manner , which explains why the Hubble result delegacy that two million eld ago, all the galaxies are very close to all(prenominal) other. This result was contact not and in itself, but also because it was deemed age of the Earth and the Sun is more than 2 meg historic period.\n\nOf course , the premiss that the universe is expanding all the time at a eonian speed can be misleading . In this case, the time when galaxies were in the same field of space , in that location could have been more than 2 billion years ago. This skepticism can not be puddle without the theory of expansion. lag , many believed that two billion years time , which is called the Hubble unvarying , is fundamental to the universe as a whole .\n\nsuch(prenominal) a conclusion may seem hasty , but subsequent work , tend to avow it. By 1931 , Hubble has spread out its area of nicety law from 6 million to cl million jobless years. Finally , thanks to new measurements of the Doppler shift , made Hyumassonom Hubble reached the distance of 240 million light years , where the rate of removal were about 1/7 the speed of light . This was the situation when the Hubble publish his book The origination of nebulae in 1936\n\nSince put into operation 200 - inch mash at mess Wilson, and improved methods of sleuthing of light equanimous telescope. It is possible to read the redshifts of weaker and distant galaxies . However, the only(prenominal) significant transmit Hubble results due to the large error in its distanc e scale. Hubble constant is now imitation to be commensurate about 10 billion years old . This prise is greater than the estimated age of the Earth and the Sun , and is comparable with the age of the oldest star clusters . Thus, the assumption that once the universe was very complex , does not action any more difficulties.